I disabled the WordPress SEO plugin and the errors disappeared. That was after updating Jetpack to 2.8 today, however.
It also let me access the JetPack Debugger, which I get errors when trying to access it with WordPress SEO active.
So I think the issue is, in fact, the WordPress SEO plugin. After installing 2.8, it wouldn't work; with WordPress SEO out of the loop, it does work.