I used that same shortcode on a test site of mine running 2.6 and 3.7.1, and couldn't reproduce.
Without knowing about the 500 error, and if you don't have access to the error logs, I would indeed recommend that you reinstall Jetpack. You can do so by going to the Plugins menu, deactivating the plugin, deleting it, and then reinstall from scratch. As soon as you reactivate and reconnect to WordPress.com in the Jetpack menu, your data will be back.
If that still doesn't help, could you let me know if you use other plugins, or a specific theme that I could try to install to try to reproduce the issue on my end?
If it's a custom theme, could you try to switch to one of the default themes for a few minutes and let me know if it helps?